The efficacy of platinum (Pt) drug treatment can be greatly affected by the tumour microenvironment (TME). Predominantly supportive/symptomatic treatment; Volume resuscitate if AKI, correct electrolyte abnormalities; Gold therapy is usually given as injections, but it may be orally administered (in capsule form) too. - The metal is at least 95% pure platinum and 5% alloy metals 900 - 90% platinum purity and 10% alloy metals 850 Plat or 850 Pt. The cytostatic agent and its metabolic products are excreted mainly in the urine, and to a small extent with bile, i.e. Platinum-based treatment regimens for testicular cancer are a paradigm of success as curable systemic chemotherapies which result in high survival rates. Peak levels during platinum-based chemotherapy: .6-1.8mcg/mL Increased risk of toxicity if >1.8mcg/ml Management Decontaminate if occupational exposure Predominantly supportive/symptomatic treatment Volume resuscitate if AKI, correct electrolyte abnormalities Respiratory support, bronchodilators if needed for inhalational exposure Fluid and electrolyte balance is critical. Lithium may cause diseases of the stomach, intestinal tract, central nervous system, and kidneys. Following standard-dose regimens, 20% to 30% of patients will develop cisplatin-related side effects at varying degrees of intensity. The identification of markers associated with drug toxicity may improve the success of the treatment. 1 with continued administration and increasing cumulative dose, the hearing loss tends to increase in severity and progressively spreads to affect hearing at lower frequencies. Industrial workers exposed to Platinum showed higher concentrations in the blood and urine (> 2 g Platinum/24 hours) in comparison to non-exposed workers. . - Platinum purity is 85% with the other 15% being other metals 800 Pt. And personals working at garages and terrains of automobile companies are considered be at risk of platinum toxicity. If the DNA damage exceeds the ability of the cell to repair, the cell undergoes apoptotic cell death. Affected patients should be monitored carefully for evidence of gastrointestinal bleeding, hemolysis, coagulopathy, seizures, and pulmonary dysfunction [Geller 2001]. Background: This study aimed to determine whether drug doses per kilogram of lean body mass (LBM) were associated with dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) events in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients. With chronic exposure to mercury, the nervous system is susceptible to damage. The processes underpinning platinum toxicity and the part that heredity plays in experiencing side effects need to be much better understood now . Poisoning Definition: The phenomenon that the catalytic activity of a catalyst declines or loses due to the action of certain substances is called catalyst poisoning. These substances are called toxic substances. When wastewater is recycled, McCurry says, the resulting . The resulting regression lines After treatment with cisplatin, the males only showed enriched gap junctions linked to the mechanism of pathological apoptosis against nephrotoxicity of cisplatin by replenishing the injured cells. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 179 HNC patients who underwent induction chemotherapy (IC) at a medical center from May 1, 2014, to May 31, 2021. William Hyde Wollaston discovered palladium in 1803 in crude platinum ore from South America. Platinum used in jewelry, like this ring, is generally of higher purity than gold. The platinum-based drugs cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin are regularly prescribed in the treatment of cancer and while they are effective, their use is limited by their severe, dose-limiting side effects (also referred to as adverse effects/events). with the stool. Palladium is a silver-white ductile and malleable metal that belongs to the platinum group. Lithium is used to make glasses and pharmaceuticals. Depending on the amount you took and how soon the ingestion of lithium is discovered, treatment may include activated charcoal if you took other substances as well, kidney dialysis in severe cases, or whole bowel irrigation, in which a polyethylene glycol solution is used to flush large amounts or extended-release lithium from your system. Research suggests that patients with pre-existing loss of vestibular function are more likely to have vestibular toxicity after exposure to cisplatin. A non-toxic conjugate in which glutathione binds cisplatin to become a substrate for . Short-term effects of mercury toxicity include lung damage, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hypertension, tachycardia, skin rashes, and eye irritation. Platinum is poorly absorbed in the gut but may be absorbed via inhalation. Platinum, the same metal used in catalytic converters to clean up air pollutants in car exhaust, can serve as a catalyst, says Dan McCurry, assistant professor in civil and environmental engineering, speeding up oxidation to transform once-toxic aldehydes into harmless carboxylic acids. 28 early clinical trials showed nephrotoxicity to be dose limiting for cisplatin since impacts observed were reversible azotemia to irreversible The platinum compounds are largely used in the treatment of lung, breast, ovarian, and colon cancers. Platinum toxicity is primarily an occupational hazard, as it is emitted from cars and vehicles with leaded gasoline. Overexposure to silver may cause a gray discoloration of the skin, hair and internal organs. . 1. Most often due to platinum-based anti-neoplastic drugs (e.g. Optimal administration requires concurrent saline hydration and mannitol diuresis to minimize the likelihood of potentially lethal damage to the kidneys ( 13 ). It has the third highest density, behind osmium and iridium. cisplatin, carboplatin) . Platinum agents (cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin) are a class of chemotherapy agents that have a broad spectrum of activity against several solid tumors. It is one of the most corrosion-resistant metals, even at temperatures as . In total, a cancer patient can experience any combination of around 40 specific side effects. They share some structural similarities; however, there are marked differences between them in therapeutic use, pharmacokinetics and adverse effects profiles [1-4]. Cisplatin has been identified as the major contributor to long-term toxicity following chemotherapy for testicular cancer. 22, 23 pooling long-term toxicity data after three cycles of bep and four cycles of ep for a meta-analysis of these outcomes Inside cells, the low chloride concentration facilitates CDDP hydrolysis with generation of charged species. both mechanisms involve the formation of highly reactive equated platinum species that cross-link dna and is highly dependent on the availability and the concentration of ambient chloride concentrations. It may cause a flu-like reaction called metal fume disease and disturbances in the blood. BIOREGULATORY MEDICINE. The chemotherapeutic mechanism of platinum compounds is typical of DNA-binding alkylating agents. the issue of toxicity and preservation of quality of life has to be taken into account in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer; identification of women who could take advantage the most of the addition of sorafenib to standard chemotherapy would be helpful not only to optimise treatment for candidate responders, but also to allow Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) mapping into the genes involved in platinum transport or detoxification may explain the occurrence of toxicities. Platinum-based antineoplastic drugs (informally called platins) are chemotherapeutic agents used to treat cancer.They are coordination complexes of platinum.These drugs are used to treat almost half of people receiving chemotherapy for cancer. 200 Pd. The following shares the analysis of the phenomenon of platinum catalyst poisoning. Toxic substances are usually impurities carried . Gold Toxicity is caused by the administration of gold-based therapy as part of treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, or psoriatic arthritis, usually for several years. It accumulates especially in the kidneys, liver, intestines and testicles. Palladium has a very similar chemistry to that of platinum. In this form of chemotherapy, commonly used drugs include cisplatin, oxaliplatin, and carboplatin, but several have been proposed or are under development. Pharmacogenetics Bioinformatics Medicine Pharmacology Internal medicine Oncology Chemotherapy Cisplatin Neurotoxicity Peripheral neuropathy Ovarian cancer Oxaliplatin Carboplatin. Platinum-based chemotherapy also caused some more side effects, including nausea and vomiting, and low platelets. Important properties of platinum are resistance to corrosion, strength at high temperatures, and high catalytic activity. Cellular toxicity Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II [CDDP]), a platinum compound that is predominantly eliminated through renal clearance. Major end points of the present study were (1) to assess the feasibility, under routine hospital conditions, of a protocol including isolated lung perfusion with platinum and metastasectomy, (2) to evaluate the overall toxicity of the combined therapeutic program, and (3) to define the distribution of platinum in both normal and neoplastic tissues. Platinum toxicity has the ability to cause DNA alterations, cause cancer, allergic reactions of the skin and mucous membranes, it can cause damage to organs such as the kidneys and intestines and has been known to damage hearing ability. importantly, long-term toxicities associated with the cumulative doses of cisplatin/etoposide include leukemia, second malignant neoplasm, cvd, and pulmonary problems, with the latter not being associated with bleomycin. Despite their effectiveness as a crucial component of combination chemotherapy regimens against solid tumors, platinum compounds have many serious side effects that limit their us Diagnosis and incidence of cisplatin-associated hearing loss. Platinum is non-toxic, but certain salts of platinum are considerably dangerous and carcinogenic. A very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum group, it is considered the second-densest naturally occurring metal (after osmium) with a density of 22.56 g/cm 3 (0.815 lb/cu in) as defined by experimental X-ray crystallography. Prior to any preclinical applications, detailed investigations of toxicity, biodistribution, clearance, and pharmacokinetics (PKs) of new nanomaterials are essential. chapter 6 | toxicity of platinum and platinum compounds (with summaries for other pgms) contents 6.1 respiratory sensitising platinum species 06 complex halogenated platinum salts 06 human studies 06 non-human toxicology studies and mechanistic investigations 11 platinum anticancer drugs 12 human studies 12 non-human toxicology studies and Platinum-based drugs cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin are widely used for chemotherapeutic eradication of cancer. [12]) following cisplatin treatment in relation to the cumulative dose. Cisplatin may cause severe renal tubular damage and reduces glomerular filtration. Iridium is a chemical element with the symbol Ir and atomic number 77. Platinum is a nonessential element that can be found at elevated concentrations in urine with excessive exposure. Treatment in cases of acute high-level chromium exposure is usually supportive and symptomatic. Platinum Toxicity The general toxicity profile differs between the three platinum drugs. The leading platinum compounds in cancer chemotherapy are cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin. Platinum based chemotherapy toxicity, Peripheral and cranial neuropathy (ototoxicity, optic neuropathy): common, often permanent . (A) Incidence of ototoxic side effects (overall or moderate to severe toxicity according to Brock et al. However, the side effects of platinum drugs, such as lack of selectivity, high systemic toxicity, and drug resistance, seriously limit their clinical application. Palladium is also found in the platinum mines of Russia, Canada and Columbia. Platinum-based doublets are the standard chemotherapy for lung cancer. However, despite success in testicular cancer survivorship, CVD may present an unintended risk of early- and late- vascular side effects of platinum-based therapies. The use of dose-escalated regimens appears to lead to clinically evident organ toxicity. Synopsis of published data from pediatric patients (mean age <14 years). 1 progression of hearing loss after completion of treatment has been platinum ototoxicity is typically manifested as bilateral high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss. Platinum is a lustrous silvery-white, malleable, ductile metal and a member of group 10 of the periodic table of the elements. Brain and kidney damage is common with high levels of mercury exposure. Only four studies looked at quality of life but because they each used different methods to measure the effects, their results could not be combined. Platinum is a silver-gray, lustrous metal found naturally in extremely low amounts in the earth's crust and is typically associated with sulfide-ore bodies of nickel, copper, and iron. 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